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The three major instruments that guide United States foreign policy are the Treaty Power, the War Power, and the Spy Power. Within the category of Spy Power is the "Third Option" the use of covert action. Ever since the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency in 1947, the US has often turned to the third option in the conduct of its international relations. This controversial approach includes covert propaganda campaigns, subversive political activities, economic sabotage, and paramilitary operations ranging from clandestine warfare to the assassination of foreign leaders. From the beginning of the Cold War to the present day, America's intelligence and national security agencies have employed all of these "third option" tools in order to advance America's global interests. In The Third Option, the eminent national security scholar Loch Johnson provides a history of American covert warfare from 1947 to the present. In particular, he focuses on the morality and consequences of America's heavily veiled attempts to shape global affairs through its covert actions. Over the course of the book, a fundamental question comes into focus: Of what value has the Third Option been to the US as a complement to the nation's more open battlefield and diplomatic initiatives? Just as importantly, Johnson exposes the conflict between this controversial approach to achieving America's international objectives and the ideals that the US has always propounded: democracy, human rights, and liberalism. The Third Option closes with a sharp assessment of the policy, measuring its failures versus its successes. A richly detailed synthesis of America's covert action program ever since it became the world's preeminent power, this book serves as an ideal introduction for anyone interested in US foreign and national security policy.

Given the dangers they face, nations must have effective spy services. Democracies must also ensure, however, that their spies are well supervised in order to prevent abuses of secret power. In Spy Watching, a sweeping history of how America's spy agencies have wrestled with public accountability, one of America's leading experts on the intelligence community, shows how the tension between liberty and security has been at the heart of every major intelligence controversy from the early Cold War up through the issue of Russia's role in the 2016 election

"National security intelligence is a vast, complex, and important topic, made doubly hard for citizens to understand because of the thick veils of secrecy that surround it. In the second edition of his definitive introduction to the field, leading intelligence expert Loch K. Johnson guides readers skilfully through this shadowy side of government. Drawing on over forty years of experience studying intelligence agencies and their activities, he explains the three primary missions of intelligence: information collection and analysis, counterintelligence, and covert action, before moving on to explore the wider dilemmas posed by the existence of secret government organizations in open, democratic societies. Recent developments including the controversial leaks by the American intelligence official Edward J. Snowden, the U.S. Senate's Torture Report, and the ongoing debate over the use of drones are explored alongside difficult questions such as why intelligence agencies inevitably make mistakes in assessing world events; why some intelligence officers choose to engage in treason against their own country on behalf of foreign regimes; and how spy agencies can succumb to scandals -including highly intrusive surveillance against the very citizens they are meant to protect. Comprehensively revised and updated throughout, National Security Intelligence is tailor-made to meet the interests of students and general readers who care about how nations shield themselves against threats through the establishment of intelligence organizations, and how they strive for safeguards to prevent the misuse of this secret power"--

"Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies, An Anthology, Fourth Edition, is the most up-to-date reader in intelligence studies. Editors Loch K. Johnson and James J. Wirtz present a diverse, comprehensive, and yet highly accessible set of readings from leading experts in the field. The anthology includes: * Articles examining a wide variety of important issues (satellite surveillance, 9/11, the search for WMDs in Iraq, homeland security, and counterterrorism) * An epilogue analyzing the current state of intelligence * Introductions at the beginning of each piece that help to contextualize chapter content * Discussion questions at the end of each chapter that reinforce key concepts and encourage class participation * Comprehensive coverage of many hot topics including the history of intelligence, how the United States gathers and interprets global information, the meaning of security intelligence, methods of intelligence collection, intelligence analysis, the danger of intelligence politicization, relationships between intelligence officers and the policymakers they serve, covert action, counterintelligence, accountability and civil liberties, the implications of major intelligence failures in 2001 and 2003, and intelligence as practiced in other nations The most engaging, current, and expertly edited anthology available, Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies, An Anthology, Fourth Edition, is ideal for courses in intelligence and homeland security"--

"An updated re-issue of Loch Johnson's classic "insider" study of the US Senate's so-called Church Committee investigations (ca. 1975-1976) into the activities and abuses of our intelligence agencies (especially CIA and FBI). Named after Frank Church, its charismatic Democratic chair, the committee confirmed numerous cases in which agencies greatly overstepped the limits of their assigned powers and initiated reforms to curb future violations. Johnson, one of the deans of American intelligence and national security studies, served on the committee as a special assistant to Church himself"--

A highly valuable resource for students of intelligence studies, strategy and security, and foreign policy, this volume provides readers with an accessible and comprehensive exploration of U.S. espionage activities that addresses both the practical and ethical implications that attend the art and science of spying. Provides a comprehensive, up-to-date examination of all aspects of intelligence by experts in the field, from collection-and-analysis and counterintelligence to covert action and accountability. Probes into how the United States' intelligence agencies attempt to protect the nation from cyberattacks by foreign nations and terrorist groups--and documents the successes and failures. Documents the involvement of the National Security Agency (NSA) in bulk "metadata" collection of information on the telephone records and social media communications of American citizens. Examines the effects that have resulted from major leaks in the U.S. government, from Wikileaks to the NSA Snowden leaks

Literaturangaben

The Aspin-Brown Commission of 1995-1996, led by former U.S. Defence Secretaries Les Aspin and Harold Brown, was a landmark inquiry into the activities of America's secret agencies. The purpose of the commission was to help the Central Intelligence Agency and other organisations in the U.S. intelligence community adapt to the quite different world that had emerged after the end of the Cold War in 1991. This book offers an insider's account of this inquiry

This topical volume offers a comprehensive review of secret intelligence organizations and activities.